EV Charging Facilities - EV Charging Technology (1)
Editor’s Note: These series are selected from manual Electric Vehicle Community Market Launch Manual: A Guide to Prepare Your Community for Electric Vehicles which was prepared by the Electric Transportation Coalition (ETC) and the Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas (EVAA) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
Equipment standardization is generally not the primary focus of technology developers, due to competition and the need to protect proprietary information. For example, both videotape player/recorders and personal computers are not standardized. EV charging equipment is no exception: a single plug and coupling interface for EV charging has yet to be established. In recent years, however, the industry has agreed on some issues that are pivotal in moving toward uniform charging systems.
This section on EV charging technology outlines the variables infrastructure planners should consider in determining which EV charging technologies are appropriate for the local community. Specifically, this section covers:
- Standard EV charging levels
- Conductive and inductive charging systems
- Communications requirements
- EV charger design standards
- Billing systems
Standard EV Charging Levels
The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Working Council (IWC), a collaborative effort of the automotive, electric utility and other interested industries, announced in late 1994 the standardization of charging levels for EV. These include:
- Level 1: Charging that can be done from the standard, grounded 120 volt, 3-prong outlet available in all homes. Because it can involve lengthy charging times. Level 1 is not likely to become the preferred charging option.
- Level 2: Charging at a 240 volt, 40 ampere charging station with special consumer features to make it easy and convenient to plug in and charge EVs at home or a remote site on a daily basis. Offering greater convenience and shorter charge times than level 1 charging, level 2 is expected to be the primary home and fleet charging option.
- Level 3: A high-powered charging technology currently under development that will provide a charge in 5-10 minutes (from 80% to 20% depth of discharge), making it analogous to filling the tank of an internal combustion-engine vehicle at a gasoline station.
Voltage and current power levels have not yet been defined for level 3or ‘‘quick’’ charging. However, the industry has standardized the charging time and the amount of the energy transfer. Based on estimated EV battery pack capacities, level 3 chargers will need to be on the order of 50 kW or greater—typically over 100 kW—and should be served by three-phase power, at 208 or 480 volts.
IWC and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) are working to develop common recommended standards and practices for level 3 charging facilities, identify any consumer and utility interface issues, and evaluate the feasibility and necessity for this type of charging.
Get professional detailed electric car conversion Manual, click HERE
EV Charging Facilities - Highlights of Section
Editor’s Note: These series are selected from manual Electric Vehicle Community Market Launch Manual: A Guide to Prepare Your Community for Electric Vehicles which was prepared by the Electric Transportation Coalition (ETC) and the Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas (EVAA) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
PURPOSE
Most experts agree that EV charging facilities are the most important infrastructure element. If consumers can’t fuel EVs conveniently, they probably won’t purchase EVs. This section of the Manual provides infrastructure planners with information on EV charging facilities that can help them develop a plan for deploying charging stations within their communities.
ISSUES ADDRESSED
- EV charging technology
- Location/quantity of charging facilities
- External factors affecting installation
- Charging facility installation issues
- Electric utility system impacts
- Investing in charging facilities
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
The industry continues to develop two types of charging systems—inductive and conductive.
EV charging facilities must be available at the vehicle’s primary garaging location.
Communities have taken different paths in studying and deploying public EV charging facilities.
Local communities must adopt changes to building and electrical codes to ensure EV charging facilities can be installed expeditiously and operated safely.
Local community stakeholders and EV purchasers should decide which parties will be involved in installing charging facilities.
Electric utilities should understand the impacts of EV charging on their generation, distribution, and transmission systems.
The costs of installing residential EV charging facilities are fairly well understood. Public EV charging facility costs are not well defined due to vast differences at each location.
Some electric utilities have shown that investments in EV charging facilities and other electric transportation programs can provide direct and indirect benefits to all customers.
Get professional detailed electric car conversion Manual, click HERE
EV Charging Facilities - Preamble
Editor’s Note: These series are selected from manual Electric Vehicle Community Market Launch Manual: A Guide to Prepare Your Community for Electric Vehicles which was prepared by the Electric Transportation Coalition (ETC) and the Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas (EVAA) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
EV charging facilities are the most important infrastructure element. If consumers can’t fuel EVs conveniently, they are not likely to purchase EVs. To ensure that the number and type of charging facilities established match customer needs and expectations, community EV planners should become familiar with the following aspects of EV charging:
- EV charging technology
- The desirable location and quantity of existing and future EV charging facilities in the community
- External factors affecting the installation of new charging facilities
- The charging facility installation process
- The impact of EV charging on the local utility’s generation, transmission and distribution systems, and a building’s electrical capacity
- The cost of charging facilities
- Justifications for securing investments needed to install additional charging facilities
The goal of this chapter is to provide implementors with the most current information—including case studies from the automotive and electric utility industries—on charging facilities. Using this information, implementors can work with other stakeholders to intelligently plan for and deploy EV charging facilities in residential and commercial structures and at public access locations. Throughout this process, each community will determine its own responsibilities, technology needs, and activities. Simply put, there are many avenues that a community can take to deliver EV charging facilities.
One pathway EV infrastructure planners might consider follows:
- Conduct a general planning meeting with all stakeholders to discuss relevant issues
- Survey early adopters of EVs to determine projected level of purchases, level of use, and charging requirements (timing, frequency, location and billing system)
- Review available charging system technologies and determine approximate locations, quantities, capacities, and levels of charging
- Work with local transportation planners, developers, and professional design firms to address land use planning and design issues
- Develop an action plan that includes milestones, stakeholder responsibilities, and funding sources
- Install charging facilities
Get professional detailed electric car conversion Manual, click HERE
-
Electric Car Conversion Manual
-
