EV Charging Facilities - EV Charging Technology (2)
Editor’s Note: These series are selected from manual Electric Vehicle Community Market Launch Manual: A Guide to Prepare Your Community for Electric Vehicles which was prepared by the Electric Transportation Coalition (ETC) and the Electric Vehicle Association of the Americas (EVAA) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).
Conductive Systems
Conductive charging systems shown to date use a plug and cord system that can vary by the type of connector used and the level of voltage and current. The charger can be located either on-board (built into the vehicle) or off-board (separate from the vehicle) depending on the design of the conductive system. For all onboard chargers, some type of off-board control and/or interconnection device will be required.
Led by EPRI, representatives of 20 companies, many of which are represented on the IWC, are working to complete the physical and electrical specifications for a single standardized conductive coupling system. This system would include the vehicle inlet, the cord and plug, and the EV supply equipment. While focusing on level 2 charging, the project is planning for power requirements anticipated for level 3 charging. Once the specification for the conductive design is completed and tested, the design will be submitted to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for consideration as a recommended practice. Schedules call for delivery of prototype charging equipment in late 1995 for testing, and availability of production equipment in mid-1996.
Inductive Systems
Inductive charging systems, such as the Delco Electronics MAGNE CHARGE—Underwriter Laboratory (UL) and FCC approved—use a cord and paddle-shaped inductive coupler that transfers energy from the power source to the vehicle by means of magnetic induction. The charger for the Delco inductive charging system is located off-board the vehicle. The inductive paddle is the same size for all three charging levels, which could allow a single interface to charge the vehicle.
Recently, SAE adopted a recommended practice (see Volume III of this Manual) for the inductive charging interface design (SAEJ1773).
Both the conductive and inductive systems will need electronics off-board the vehicle to provide the communication and diagnostic capabilities required by the recommended practices being developed. The only exception to this may be level 1 charging. Both the conductive and inductive charging systems have been successfully tested in fleet and/or consumer applications.
Communications Requirements
In the future, the serving electric utility will need to manage an increasingly large and wide spread EV load. The IWC’s Load Management, Distribution, and Power Quality Committee is establishing and defining a method the utility can use, with customer concurrence, to remotely control the charging process. This method will require development of communications architecture and interface between the EV supply equipment and the vehicle. The ability to communicate will also help ensure safe and cost-effective EV charging, interoperability of supply equipment and vehicles from different manufacturers, and future expandability and compatibility of equipment. The IWC’s Data Interface Committee has completed a preliminary definition of minimum operational and communication requirements, selected an established SAE digital communications protocol for use between the supply equipment and the vehicle, and has proposed changes to SAE to define data and communications requirements for EVs. This work should be completed before 1998.
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Electric Car Conversion Manual
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